東京大学 竹内研究室 公式ウェブページ

Ray systems, or set of radial streaks that encircle an impact crater, became known shortly after the advent of the telescope, perhaps in 1647, when Johannes Hevelius published what might have been the first map of the Moon to show them. Although they were recognized as settled ejecta, that is, deposits of debris thrown out when a meteorite impacts the surface of a planetary body, their origin proved to be the sort of question for which competing theories abound to date. Motivated by observations of ray systems in planetary cratering, we study an analog system: granular cratering. In classical experiments of granular cratering, a ball dropped on an evened-out bed of grains ends up within a crater surrounded by a uniform blanket of ejecta. We show that the uniform blanket of ejecta changes to a ray system where the surface of the granular bed includes undulations, a factor that has not been addressed to date. By carrying out numerous experiments and computational simulations thereof, we ascertain that the number of rays in a ray system ∝ D/λ, where D is the diameter of the ball and λ is the wavelength of the undulations. Further, we show that the ejecta in a ray system originates in a narrow annulus of diameter D with the center at the site of impact. Our findings may help shed light on the enigmatic ray systems on the Moon and other planetary bodies.
This research was carried out in collaboration with Tapan Sabuwala, Christian Butcher, and Gustavo Gioia.

Collective pattern formations of self-propelled particles are ubiquitous such as flocks of bird, fish school, and bacterial swarming, and it is expected that there exist the unified descriptions of the collective motions. Along this spirit, Vicsek et al. proposed a minimal multi-agent model, which is called the Vicsek model, in 1995. In the Vicsek model, each point particle which has its own moving direction is subject to temporally uncorrelated random directional noise. Each particle aligns to the neighbors, namely only short-range orientational interaction works. Using multi-agent models including the Vicsek model, global directional order in 2D and anomalous density fluctuations, which are called giant number fluctuations, in the ordered phase were predicted in collective motions of self-propelled particles with short-range directional interaction. Indeed, using E. coli elongated with an antibiotic, these two properties were observed in the real system [1].
The particles in the Vicsek model change their direction with no memory. However, there are various kinds of self-propelled particle that keeps its rotation rate for a long time and shows a circular trajectory such as an E. coli close to a wall and a mycoplasma on a glass plate. Using a multi-agent model like the Vicsek model, we elucidated the role of memory of rotation rate. We found that vortices filled the whole area only when the rotation rate of each particle was kept for a while [2].
It is known that microtubules driven by dyneins on a glass plate [3] and C. elegans [4] also have a long memory of rotation rate. Both the self-propelled particles formed many vortices, which are commonly well reproduced by the model in the upper paragraph. This indicates that there exists the unified description of self- propelled particles with memory of rotation rate and short-range directional interaction.
1. D. Nishiguchi, K. H. Nagai, et al., Phys. Rev. E (2017).
2. K. H. Nagai, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (2015).
3. Y. Sumino, et al., Nature (2012).
4. T. Sugi, et al., Nat. Commun. (2019).

生命現象の多くは比較的単純な要素の寄せ集めでモデル化できるが、その要素が自発的に動いているために平衡統計力学の枠組みから外れ、おもしろい現象が現れる。たとえば神経幹細胞の培養系はアクティブネマチックであり、向きが揃った状態では流れ場がないが、自発運動の結果の協同現象として、トポロジカル欠陥付近では流れ場が生じうる[1]。今回わたしたちは、ネマチック系で流れが生まれる新しい現象として、細胞の自発運動性とキラリティに依存するエッジカレントを見つけた。本講演では、アクティブネマチック系の簡単なレビューのあと、細胞のキラリティの定量実験と、スタンプ培養環境を使ったエッジカレントの観察を紹介し、数値シミュレーション結果と連続体モデルの解析について議論する。

[1] Kawaguchi, Kageyama, and Sano, Nature 545, 327 (2017).

細菌の細胞質内はタンパク質やRNAなどの高分子によって非常に混み合ってお り、その空間を細胞膜と細胞壁が閉じ込めています。細胞質内の乾燥マス密度 （以下、マス密度）は300 mg/mLにのぼり、この高密度環境が細胞内における 酵素反応などの生体内反応の効率に重要だと考えられています。このように細 胞のマス密度は細胞生理に重要な要素であるにも関わらず、live single-cell での測定が非常に困難であることから、その制御機構についてはほとんど明ら かになっていません。そこで、私たちは枯草菌の細胞をモデルとし、定量位相 顕微鏡の一種であるSpatial light interference microscopy（SLIM）を用い て、live single-cellのマス密度変化を定量しました。その結果、これまでに 予想されていた通り、多くの生育条件において細胞のマス密度は一定に維持さ れていましたが、細胞形態を変化させた場合に限って、細胞のマス密度は非常 にダイナミックに変化していることが分かりました。このことから、体積や表 面積などの細胞形態に関わる変数がマス密度と関係があると考え、現在はその 定式化に取り組んでいます。当日は、これらの定量結果に加え、生物学的な分 子機構にも触れながら、議論させていただきたいと思います。

Stochastic thermodynamics describes the evolution of a system in contact with a thermostat, when fluctuations dominate. This is implicitly assumed to occur most often for micron-scale systems.

We develop experiments at human-scale, i.e. from millimeters to dozen of centimeters. For instance one is based on the principle of Brownian motion, however with a granular gas as heat bath [1]. A core feature is the intrinsic dissipation of this thermostat, that needs to be compensated by a power supply. This bath, in such a Non-Equilibrium Steady State (NESS), seems definitely distinct from a drop of water !

However, our main outcome is that, for all criteria investigated, no qualitative departure could be evidenced by changing the scale or the dissipation : a heuristic use of the Gallavotti-Cohen Fluctuation Theorem and of the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem give an ‘effective temperatures’ kT_eff. consistent to within 10% [2] ; the heat flux between two such NESS baths follows the Fourier law on the average [3] ; and the fluctuations of heat flux follows the extended fluctuation theorem (XFT) proposed by Jarzynski et al. in 2004 [4,5].
We explain how kT_eff., defined and mesured in a NESS, exhibits typical value around 10^-6 J, considerably larger than those of molecular systems (kBT~10^-21 J). It however behaves as a unual equilibrium temperature !

At this point, we considered the analogy is validated, as far as stochastic thermodynamics concepts are concerned, and turned to further investigations. We checked that this approach holds in other kinds of NESS baths, such as an elastic plate in wave turbulence regime [6], or large Reynolds number turbulent flow.

We will discuss some woork in progress, and draw some perspectives for this convenient experimental benchtest, in the direction of the relations between energy and information, for instance, but not only.

Références :
[1] Naert A., EuroPhys. Lett. 97 2 (2012) 20010,
[2] J.-Y. Chastaing, J.-C. Géminard and A. Naert,
J. Stat. Mech. 073212 (2017)
[3] Lecomte C.-E. and Naert A., J. Stat. Mech., P11004 (2014),
[4] C. Jarzynski and D. K. Wójcik, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 92, p. 230602, Jun 2004.
[5] M. Lamèche, A. Naert, to be published
[6] B. Apffel, A. Naert, S. Aumaître, J. Stat. Mech., vol. 2019, p. 013209, jan 2019

Knits mechanical properties are fundamentally different from those of its constitutive yarn. For instance, a fabric knitted with an inextensible yarn demonstrates a surprising inclination for deformability. Like mechanical systems where geometry plays a preponderant role, such as origami, the mechanical response of knitted fabrics is governed by the pattern imposed on the yarn. In the process of knitting, the yarn is constrained to bend and to cross itself following a periodic pattern, anchoring its topology. The three factors which determine the mechanical response of a knit are the elasticity of the yarn, its topology, and friction between crossing strands. We explored several phenomena that arise from the interplay of these factors, such as the elasticity of a stretched fabric or the fluctuations in the mechanical response revealing an avalanching dynamics.

Close to the onset of an instability, it is expected that fluctuations can play a role. In general, fluctuations act additively (broadly speaking, their effect do not depend on the amplitude of the unstable field) and are responsible for a variety of effects such as the well known anomalous critical exponents of equilibrium phase transition.

In out of equilibrium systems, fluctuations can be multiplicative: their effect vanish when the amplitude of the unstable mode is zero. Several new effects appear. During this seminar I will discuss in particular two topics: what happen to the onset (is it still defined, how to calculate
it)? and what happen above onset (focussing on the so-called on-off intermittent regime).

The presented results will be illustrated with examples in the context of instabilities in fluid dynamics and magneto hydrodynamics.

Already more than 4 decades ago the possibility of ferromagnetic nematic liquid crystals has been postulated [1] by combining ferromagnetic nanoparticles with a nematic solvent. First experiments along these ideas were carried out immediately [2], giving rise to ferronematics with no spontaneous magnetization. Only a few years ago [3], with the development of suitably well-characterized magnetic nanoparticles, truly ferromagnetic nematics could be synthesized and analyzed thus establishing the first room temperature multiferroic liquid system. The static properties including magneto-optic and converse magnetoelectric effects were demonstrated [4]. Quite recently the study of the dynamics of truly ferromagnetic nematic liquid crystals properties has started [5]. It was demonstrated in [5] that a dissipative cross-coupling between the two order parameters [6], magnetization and director, is essential to account for the dynamic experimental results quantitatively. Recent developments [7,8] in the dynamic domain include investigations of the light scattering behavior as well as the coupling to flow including shear flows and the analog of the Miesowicz viscosities familiar from usual nematic liquid crystals.

[1] F. Brochard and P.G. de Gennes, J. Phys. 31, 691 (1970).
[2] J. Rault, P.E. Cladis, and J.-P. Burger, Phys. Lett. A 32, 199 (1970).
[3] A. Mertelj, D. Lisjak, M. Drofenik, and M. Copic, Nature 504, 237 (2013).
[4] A. Mertelj, N. Osterman, D. Lisjak, and M. Copic, Soft Matter 10, 9065 (2014).
[5] T. Potisk et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 097802 (2017).
[6] E. Jarkova, H. Pleiner, H.-W. Mueller and H.R. Brand, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 2422 (2003).
[7] T. Potisk et al., Phys. Rev. E 97, 012701 (2018).
[8] T. Potisk et al., to be published.

たった一つの生命現象を発現させるためにも、細胞中では無数の分子が働いている。しかも、これらの分子は単独ではなく、分子ネットワークを作り機能している。このような複雑系の実体を知るには、その現場を正確に画像化することが肝要である。このような目標に対して、生体試料のための電子顕微鏡は、他の方法と比べて目覚ましく発展しており、このような複雑系の一部が見え始めている。例えば、細胞外であれば、結晶化せずに生体分子複合体の原子モデルが手に入るようになっている。また、分解能に弱点があった光学顕微鏡も、急速に分解能の改善が見られ、これまで見えなかった微細な細胞内構造が観測されてきている。このような状況の中、我々は急速凍結することで固定化した試料を観察する蛍光顕微鏡（クライオ蛍光顕微鏡）を独自開発することで、その解像度を分子レベルに引き上げることに成功した[1-3]。講演では、生体試料イメージングの現状を簡単に紹介した後に、我々の研究について紹介したい。

[1] S. Fujiyoshi et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 168101 (2008).
[2] S. Fujiyoshi et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 078101 (2011).
[3] T. Furubayashi et al.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 8990 (2017).

Active colloids and liquid crystals are capable of locally converting the macroscopically-supplied energy into directional motion and promise a host of new applications, ranging from drug delivery to cargo transport at the mesoscale. In this presentation, I will discuss how knotted fields and defects in liquid crystals can locally transform electric energy to translational motion and allow for the transport of cargo along directions dependent on frequency of the applied electric field. By combining polarized optical video microscopy and numerical modeling that reproduces both the equilibrium structures of solitons and their temporal evolution in applied fields, we uncover the physical underpinnings behind this reconfigurable motion and study how it depends on the structure and topology of defects. In my lecture I will show that, unexpectedly, the directional motion of the studied defects with and without the cargo arises mainly from the asymmetry in rotational dynamics of molecular ordering in liquid crystal, rather than from the asymmetry of fluid flows, as in conventional active soft matter systems.